Journal: European Journal of Medical Research

Article Title: PEAK1 promotes prostate cancer progression and docetaxel resistance by mediating the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages

doi: 10.1186/s40001-025-03568-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Association of PEAK1 level and “M2” polarization of TAM in PCa. A , B Level of immune cell infiltration between the high and low PEAK1 expression groups. C–H Gene correlation analysis between PEAK1 and IL-10, TGF- β , CCL2, Arg1, CD163, and CD206 in PRAD was conducted via GEPIA ( http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/ ). I IHC was conducted to detect CCL2 in the tumor tissues. Scale bar = 50 μm. J , K Western blotting was conducted to measure CCL2, Arg1, CD163, and CD206 in the tumor tissues. L IHC was conducted to detect CD45, iNOS, CD163, CD8, PD-L1, granzyme B, and IFN-γ in the tumor tissues. Scale bar = 50 μm. N = 3. * stands for p < 0.05, ** stands for p < 0.01, *** stands for p < 0.001

Article Snippet: Next, the levels of CCL2 and IL-6 in the cell supernatant were determined via CCL2 (#EK187EG) and IL-6 (#EK106) kits (Multi Sciences, Hangzhou, China), respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: European Journal of Medical Research

Article Title: PEAK1 promotes prostate cancer progression and docetaxel resistance by mediating the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages

doi: 10.1186/s40001-025-03568-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Functions of PCa cells with PEAK1 upregulation on “M2” polarization of macrophages. A Co-culture system graph. THP1 cells were put in the lower chamber and PC3 or DU145 cells were put in the upper chamber. B RT-PCR was conducted to detect CCL2 and IL-6 mRNA expression in PC3 and DU145 cells. C , D ELISA was conducted to test the levels of CCL2 and IL-6 in the co-culture medium. E RT-PCR was conducted to detect the expressions of “M2” markers, including IL-10, TGF- β , CCL2, Arg1, CD163, and CD206 in THP1 cells co-cultured with PEAK1-overexpressed PCa cells. F Migration of THP1 cells was evaluated using a transwell assay. G , H RT-PCR and WB analysis of CCR2 expression in THP1 cells co-cultured with PEAK1-overexpressed or normal PC3/DU145 cells. I To test the functions of “M2” macrophages on the PCa cells, the THP1 cells were put in the upper transwell chamber, while the PC3 cells were put in the lower chamber. J CCK8 assay was performed to detect the viability of PC3 cells. K EdU-staining assay was performed to evaluate the proliferation of PC3 cells. The EdU-positive cell rate was counted. L Transwell assay was carried out to evaluate cell migration. M WB analysis for detecting E -cad, Vim, Snail, and Twist1. N CCK-8 assay was carried out to determine the IC₅₀ value of DTX in PC3 cells. O Colony formation assays were performed to determine the colony-forming ability of cells with DTX treatment. P WB analysis for assessing the expressions of Bcl-2, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 (c-Casp3). N = 3. Q , R PC3 cells and DU145 cells were, respectively, treated with TGF- β (10 ng/mL) or LY2157299 (10 μM), a selective TGF- β receptor type I (TGF–βRI) kinase inhibitor. RT-PCR and WB were conducted to detect the alteration of CCR2 expression in the two cells. * stands for p < 0.05, ** stands for p < 0.01, *** stands for p < 0.001

Article Snippet: Next, the levels of CCL2 and IL-6 in the cell supernatant were determined via CCL2 (#EK187EG) and IL-6 (#EK106) kits (Multi Sciences, Hangzhou, China), respectively.

Techniques: Co-Culture Assay, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Cell Culture, Migration, Transwell Assay, CCK-8 Assay, Staining

Journal: European Journal of Medical Research

Article Title: PEAK1 promotes prostate cancer progression and docetaxel resistance by mediating the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages

doi: 10.1186/s40001-025-03568-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mechanistic diagram of PEAK1 in PCa. Summary diagram of the functions and mechanisms of PEAK1 in PCa. Upregulated PEAK1 promotes the HIF-1α/STAT3/NF-κB pathway activation, thus enhancing tumor proliferation, migration, EMT, and reducing apoptosis, docetaxel/enzalutamide sensitivity. PEAK1 enhances CCL2, IL-6 and PD-L1 expression from PCa cells, which mediate “M2” polarization of TAMs and inducing TGF- β expression from TAMs. TGF- β can act on PCa cells and induce PEAK1 upregulation

Article Snippet: Next, the levels of CCL2 and IL-6 in the cell supernatant were determined via CCL2 (#EK187EG) and IL-6 (#EK106) kits (Multi Sciences, Hangzhou, China), respectively.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Migration, Expressing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) induce dose-dependent neonatal ventriculomegaly following intracerebroventricular administration

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.30.697113

Figure Lengend Snippet: AAVs induce dose-dependent CSF dyshomeostasis. (A) CSF CCL2 concentrations measured by ELISA at P7.5 following P0.5 ICV injection of escalating AAV doses. (B, C) Parenchymal microglial response. (B) Representative Iba1 immunostaining in P7.5 brain sections. (C) Quantification of Iba1⁺ cell density in parenchymal regions. (D, E) ChP microglial response. (D) Representative Iba1 immunostaining in the ChP. (E) Quantification of Iba1⁺ cell density in the ChP. (F) CSF transthyretin (TTR) concentrations measured by ELISA at P7.5 following P0.5 ICV injection of escalating AAV doses. (G–J) ChP protein analysis by immunoblot. (G) Representative blot for TTR and GFP in ChP lysates. (H) Relative GFP expression. (I) Relative TTR expression. (J) Correlation analysis between GFP and TTR levels in individual samples. (K, L) CSF ion disruption following inflammation. (K) Experimental timeline for LPS-induced inflammation and CSF collection in adult mice. (L) CSF potassium (K⁺) concentration measured by ICP-MS.

Article Snippet: The concentrations of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and transthyretin (TTR) in the CSF were quantified using commercial ELISA kits (mouse CCL2 ELISA kit, BSKM1011, Bioss; mouse TTR ELISA kit, ab282297, Abcam), according to the manufacturers’ protocols.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Injection, Immunostaining, Western Blot, Expressing, Disruption, Concentration Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) induce dose-dependent neonatal ventriculomegaly following intracerebroventricular administration

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.30.697113

Figure Lengend Snippet: AAV induces dose-dependent embryonic and adult ventriculomegaly. (A) Experimental timeline for assessing acute AAV2/5 transfection 24 hours post in utero ICV injection. (B) Representative image confirming robust AAV2/5 transfection in the embryonic ChP at E14.5 (24 hours post-injection). (C) Timeline for evaluating the effects of escalating AAV2/5 doses via in utero ICV injection at E13.5, with analysis at E16.5. (D) Embryonic survival rates at E16.5. Numbers indicate the proportion of surviving embryos per litter. (E) Representative coronal sections of E16.5 embryonic brains showing transgene expression (GFP) and ventricular morphology. (F, G) CSF analysis from E16.5 embryos. (F) CCL2 concentrations. (G) Transthyretin (TTR) concentrations. (H) Timeline for assessing the effects of escalating AAV2/5 doses via ICV injection in adult mice (3-day endpoint). (I) Representative coronal sections at the level of the posterior anterior commissure (pAC; dashed outline) showing lateral ventricle morphology in adult brains. (J, K) Representative sagittal section demonstrating the differential cellular tropism of AAV2/5. (J) ChP-specific transfection by low-dose AAV2/5. (K) A more permissive tropism of high-dose AAV2/5, with ectopic GFP signal also observed in hippocampal CA1 region.

Article Snippet: The concentrations of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and transthyretin (TTR) in the CSF were quantified using commercial ELISA kits (mouse CCL2 ELISA kit, BSKM1011, Bioss; mouse TTR ELISA kit, ab282297, Abcam), according to the manufacturers’ protocols.

Techniques: Transfection, In Utero, Injection, Expressing